Within the United States national security structure, there are various methods and reasoning behind resistance and negotiation of bureaucracy. From Guantanamo Bay and torture to drone strikes and net assessments, the methods of resistance and negotiation of bureaucratic policies can vary greatly between actors. The methods of resisting bureaucracy can also vary in degrees of severity. Within the national security structure, to properly formulate good strategy, there are four steps to be followed to adequately formulate helpful strategy policies. Resistance to change is an issue that has been realized by the United States for decades, and it is unlikely that this will change in the future if the four steps of the strategic formulation are not used consistently in US security policy.
The varying methods of bureaucratic resistance come in three major forms. First, administrative lethargy. When the administrators are slow-rolling and lethargic, this can prevent the enactment of policy. The second method of resistance is leaking. Leaking, such as the Snowden case, makes internal doubts about the direction of policy directly available to the public. Leaking can occur in the form of press releases, or whistleblowers in congress - like the one in the current Trump investigation. Finally, and most radically, is resignation. In extreme circumstances, bureaucrats can simply refuse to carry out orders and resign to wage bureaucratic war or stage a coup.
When discussing bureaucratic resistance, four key examples come to mind when discussing bureaucratic resistance and negotiation. The first is net assessment. This assessment is generally a good long-range, strategic, action towards a particular policy option. The second and third example is the Gitmo issue. President Obama wanted to close Guantanamo Bay but faced problems with this decision. The US couldn’t release the prisoners, as they were likely linked to terror groups. The prisoners also could not be tried in court as they had all been tortured in some fashion, or held classified info that could not be released to courts. Obama wanted to look forward, however, as not every person in the US intelligence community or the Department of Defense participated in the torturing of prisoners. The fourth and final example is the increased use of drones. The Obama administration wanted to get US troops out of the Middle East but wanted the efforts to double through the use of drones. This increase in the drone campaign led to a large increase in civilian casualties but it was determined that it was worth it to reduce the risk to US personnel. The examples provided show that problems can be faced when implementing policy, but through following the following four steps, policy options can be implemented successfully.
To effectively make decisions toward productive policy, four steps need to be taken to formulate a constructive strategy. The first step, research, is used to find useful information about the world, and the specific problem at hand. The second step, argument, is finding a way to manipulate or restructure policy to convince others a plan will work. The third, explanation, is simply explaining how a policy option will work out in the long run. The final step, coalition building, is building a group of people that support a specific policy option enough to help see it through. Through these four essential steps, bureaucracy and organization can be improved in the long run, and policy can be more constructively enacted.
The varying methods of bureaucratic resistance come in three major forms. First, administrative lethargy. When the administrators are slow-rolling and lethargic, this can prevent the enactment of policy. The second method of resistance is leaking. Leaking, such as the Snowden case, makes internal doubts about the direction of policy directly available to the public. Leaking can occur in the form of press releases, or whistleblowers in congress - like the one in the current Trump investigation. Finally, and most radically, is resignation. In extreme circumstances, bureaucrats can simply refuse to carry out orders and resign to wage bureaucratic war or stage a coup.
When discussing bureaucratic resistance, four key examples come to mind when discussing bureaucratic resistance and negotiation. The first is net assessment. This assessment is generally a good long-range, strategic, action towards a particular policy option. The second and third example is the Gitmo issue. President Obama wanted to close Guantanamo Bay but faced problems with this decision. The US couldn’t release the prisoners, as they were likely linked to terror groups. The prisoners also could not be tried in court as they had all been tortured in some fashion, or held classified info that could not be released to courts. Obama wanted to look forward, however, as not every person in the US intelligence community or the Department of Defense participated in the torturing of prisoners. The fourth and final example is the increased use of drones. The Obama administration wanted to get US troops out of the Middle East but wanted the efforts to double through the use of drones. This increase in the drone campaign led to a large increase in civilian casualties but it was determined that it was worth it to reduce the risk to US personnel. The examples provided show that problems can be faced when implementing policy, but through following the following four steps, policy options can be implemented successfully.
To effectively make decisions toward productive policy, four steps need to be taken to formulate a constructive strategy. The first step, research, is used to find useful information about the world, and the specific problem at hand. The second step, argument, is finding a way to manipulate or restructure policy to convince others a plan will work. The third, explanation, is simply explaining how a policy option will work out in the long run. The final step, coalition building, is building a group of people that support a specific policy option enough to help see it through. Through these four essential steps, bureaucracy and organization can be improved in the long run, and policy can be more constructively enacted.
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